Estimate post-Fontan CVP and early Fontan failure risk from pre-operative Glenn data. Free clinical calculator based on Quail et al. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

What the tilt table test involves, why it is used, and what your child will experience. Dr Giardini explains clearly for parents. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

What the active standing test involves, how it is done, and what the results mean. Dr Giardini explains for parents. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

Interpret cardiopulmonary exercise test results in children and adolescents with a Fontan circulation using normative data derived directly from the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan dataset.. Returns Fontan-specific Z-scores and percentiles for five key CPET parameters, sex-specific, from age 6 to 18 years.

Calculate Z-scores for 34 cardiac structures in children from a single echocardiographic study, using the Pediatric Heart Network normative equations published by Lopez et al. in Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging 2017.

Calculate echocardiographic Z-scores for the aortic valve annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction and ascending aorta in children, using six rigorously verified normative datasets.

Calculate echocardiographic Z-scores for the left main coronary artery (LMCA), left anterior descending artery (LAD), left circumflex artery (LCx), and right coronary artery (RCA: proximal, mid and distal) using five validated normative datasets.

The Fontan circulation has long-term consequences. Dr Giardini explains what families and young adults with HLHS need to know about the years ahead. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

The Fontan is the final HLHS operation. Dr Giardini explains what it achieves, how the circulation works afterwards, and what families need to know. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

The Glenn procedure is HLHS stage two. Dr Giardini explains how it works, why timing matters, and what recovery involves. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

The interstage period between Norwood and Glenn is the most vulnerable time for HLHS babies at home. Dr Giardini explains what monitoring involves and what to watch for. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

The Norwood procedure is the first and most complex HLHS operation. Dr Giardini explains what it involves, the surgical options, and what to expect. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

Exercise is the most important long-term treatment for PoTS. Dr Giardini explains how to start safely and build progressively. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

PoTS and ME/CFS overlap significantly in teenagers. Dr Giardini explains the differences, what to look for, and why the distinction matters. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

Hypermobility and PoTS often go together in teenagers. Dr Giardini explains the connection and what it means for diagnosis and treatment. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

Most teenagers with PoTS do improve over time. Dr Giardini explains what the evidence shows and what speeds recovery. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist.

Most ventricular ectopics in children are benign. Dr Giardini explains when they need investigation or treatment. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist

SVT in children rarely needs urgent intervention. Dr Giardini explains when treatment is needed — and when ablation is the right next step. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist

Not every PDA needs treatment. Dr Giardini explains when a patent ductus arteriosus needs closing and when it is safe to watch and wait. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist

Sudden cardiac arrest in a young athlete is rare but devastating. New European guidance outlines the conditions behind it and how targeted screening can identify children at risk.

New ESC guidance addresses the role of echocardiography in screening young athletes. Here is when a heart scan is recommended.

New European guidance provides the first dedicated ECG criteria for paediatric athletes. Understanding what is normal in a child's heart trace can be life-saving.

New ESC guidance says children who compete in sport need heart screening by age 12 — and that adult rules do not apply. Here is what parents need to know.

Most ASDs are closed by catheter, not surgery, between ages 3 and 5. Find out when and how. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist

Most VSDs in children never need surgery. Find out when treatment is needed and what it involves. Dr Giardini, London Paediatric Cardiologist

A normal ECG doesn't always mean no problem. Dr Giardini explains why palpitations persist after a normal result and what to do next.

How do you spot palpitations in a baby or toddler who can't describe symptoms? Dr Giardini explains the signs and when to seek help.

Apple Watch flagged your child's heart rate as abnormal? Dr Giardini explains what smartwatch alerts mean and when to seek specialist review.

Can energy drinks cause palpitations in children and teenagers? Dr Giardini explains the cardiac risks and what parents should know.

True heart attacks are extremely rare in teenagers. Learn how doctors distinguish dangerous chest pain from common harmless causes.

Chest pain after viral illnesses is common in children and teenagers. Learn when symptoms are reassuring and when further assessment is needed.

Anxiety is a very common cause of chest pain in teenagers. Learn how stress-related chest pain differs from heart disease in adolescents.

Heart rate reference guide for children from newborn to 18 years, with interactive table. From paediatric cardiologist Dr Alessandro Giardini.

Normal blood pressure ranges for boys and girls aged 1–17, based on NHLBI/AAP guidelines. Reference table reviewed by paediatric cardiologist Dr Alessandro Giardini.

What is lipoprotein(a)? Learn why this inherited blood marker matters in some children and what an elevated Lp(a) result means for your family.

Parents often worry when statins are suggested for a child. Learn what the evidence shows about safety, growth, and long-term outcomes.

If a parent or close relative had an early heart attack, should children have cholesterol testing? When screening matters and what to expect.

Confused by your child's cholesterol results? Learn what LDL, HDL and triglyceride levels mean in babies, children and teenagers.

Boy from Kuwait with rare heart condition gets a second change of life at Great Ormond Street Hospital

Learn what are the risks of non cardiac surgery in children with heart disease

Cardiac screening for inherited cardiac conditions in children saves lives, particularly in children doing compe itive sport

Learn with patches are used in paediatric cardiac surgery and why

Learn the surgical options for the treatment of chest wall deformities in children

How PoTS is treated in children and teens, from salt and stockings to medication. A plain-language guide for parents

Can Lyme disease affect a child's heart? Expert guide to Lyme carditis, heart block, myocarditis, and dysautonomia in children

Fainting and syncope in children and teenagers — what causes it, when to worry, and treatments.