The recent outbreak of Meningitis B (MenB)
A recent outbreak of Meningitis B (MenB) in Kent, England has understandably caused concern among families. As of late March 2026, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has confirmed 20 laboratory-confirmed cases of invasive meningococcal disease linked to the Canterbury area, with most caused by the MenB strain. Sadly, two young people have died and several others have been seriously unwell in hospital. These figures may change as investigations continue.
If your child has a heart condition, it is completely natural to wonder whether they might be at higher risk. My name is Alessandro Giardini and I am a senior Paediatric Cardiologist in London, UK. I have written this page as I have received many contacts from families seeking advice on this topic. The reassuring news is that most children with heart disease are not at significantly increased risk, but some specific groups of children may be more vulnerable to serious infections.
This page explains who may be at higher risk, why, and—most importantly—what you can do to protect your child.
Why Are Children with Heart Disease More Susceptible to Infections?
Most children with heart conditions have a normal immune system. However, certain groups of children with congenital or acquired heart disease may have differences in immune function, which can increase vulnerability to infections.
This is particularly relevant for children with:
- complex congenital heart disease
- heterotaxy or splenic problems
- a history of early cardiac surgery (especially in infancy)
- heart transplantation or immunosuppressive treatment
In these situations, there may be subtle changes in how the immune system responds to infections.
Several factors can contribute:
Cardiac surgery and thymus removal
During some open-heart operations in infancy, part or all of the thymus gland may be removed. The thymus is important for developing T-cells, which help fight infections. Some children who undergo early surgery may have long-term changes in immune function, although the impact varies from child to child.
Asplenia and heterotaxy syndromes
Children with heterotaxy may have no spleen or a poorly functioning spleen. The spleen plays a key role in clearing bacteria from the bloodstream. Without it, there is a well-established higher risk of serious infections, including meningococcal disease.
Immunosuppressive medications
Children who have had a heart transplant, or who take medications that suppress the immune system, are less able to fight infections and may not respond as strongly to vaccines.
Chronic illness and increased medical exposure
Children with complex heart disease often require frequent hospital care. This increases exposure to infections and reflects a higher overall medical vulnerability.
Meningitis B: Understanding the Threat
Meningococcal group B disease is a serious bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis. It can lead to:
- meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain)
- septicaemia (bloodstream infection)
The illness can progress very quickly. Even with prompt treatment, it carries a mortality rate of around 8–15%, and some children may be left with long-term complications such as hearing loss, neurological injury, or limb problems.
The bacteria spread through close and prolonged contact, such as living in the same household, kissing, or sharing utensils. It is not easily spread through casual contact.
The highest risk is in babies and young children, with a second peak in teenagers and young adults. Children with certain underlying medical conditions may be more vulnerable.
Vaccination: The Best Protection
Vaccination remains the most effective way to protect against MenB.
In the UK, the MenB vaccine (Bexsero) is routinely given at:
- 8 weeks
- 12 weeks
- 12 months
Since its introduction in 2015, it has led to a substantial reduction in cases in vaccinated children.
However, there are a few important points to be aware of:
Protection reduces over time
Immunity from the MenB vaccine gradually decreases. Current evidence suggests protection may last around 18 months after the primary course and up to around 3 years after the booster, although this varies. There is currently no routine booster for older children.
Some children qualify for additional protection
Children with conditions such as asplenia, splenic dysfunction, or complement disorders may be eligible for additional meningococcal vaccination. This should be reviewed with your GP or specialist.
Timing matters in some situations
If your child has recently had surgery or is on immunosuppressive treatment, vaccines may need to be timed carefully to ensure the best response.
Teenagers may not have been vaccinated
Children born before 2015 were not part of the routine infant MenB programme. If your child is older and has additional risk factors, it is sensible to discuss vaccination with your healthcare team—particularly before university or living in shared accommodation.
What Parents Should Do Now
Check vaccinations are up to date
Make sure your child has received all routine vaccines. If unsure, your GP can quickly check and arrange any missing doses.
Speak to your child’s specialist team
If your child has a complex heart condition, splenic issues, or is on immunosuppressive treatment, it is worth confirming whether any additional protection is recommended.
Know the warning signs
Meningitis can develop quickly. Seek urgent medical help if your child develops:
- high fever with cold hands and feet
- severe headache or neck stiffness
- sensitivity to light
- unusual drowsiness or confusion
- vomiting
- rapid breathing
- limb pain
- a rash that does not fade when pressed
Trust your instincts and act early
If something feels wrong, seek help immediately. Early treatment saves lives.
Encourage simple hygiene measures
Avoid sharing drinks, cutlery, or toothbrushes, and encourage good cough and sneeze hygiene.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is my child with a heart condition at higher risk of meningitis?
Most children with heart conditions are not at significantly higher risk. However, children with splenic dysfunction, complex congenital heart disease, or those on immunosuppressive treatment may be more vulnerable to severe infection.
Does congenital heart disease affect the immune system?
In some children, yes—particularly those with complex conditions or after early surgery. However, many children with heart disease have a normal immune response.
Should my child have an extra MenB vaccine?
Children with asplenia or related conditions may need additional vaccination. For others, this should be discussed individually with your child’s doctor.
Is the MenB vaccine safe?
Yes. It is widely used and considered safe. Side effects are usually mild, such as fever or soreness at the injection site.
Is my child still protected if they had the vaccine as a baby?
Protection reduces over time. Older children may have lower levels of protection.
Why does heterotaxy increase infection risk?
Because it often affects the spleen. A poorly functioning or absent spleen reduces the body’s ability to clear certain bacteria, including meningococcus.
Does heart surgery affect immunity?
In some children, early surgery involving the thymus may lead to long-term changes in immune function, although the effects vary.
What should I do after contact with a meningitis case?
Seek advice urgently via your GP or NHS 111. Close contacts are usually offered preventative antibiotics.
Can meningitis occur despite vaccination?
Yes. The vaccine offers strong protection but does not cover all strains. Early recognition of symptoms remains essential.
Dr. Alessandro Giardini, MD, PhD
Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist
Written 23/03/2026
